Crete: the Forerunner of Greece

manosca102 Harriet Boyd Hawes Papers, 1888-1967 Finding Aid Finding aid prepared by manosca. Encoding funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. Smith College Archives

Northampton, MA

Finding aid encoded using Perl scripts and edited in XMetal 2.0. Encoded by Brook Hopkins. 2003-06-13 Finding aid written in English. 2005-09-23 manosca102 converted from EAD 1.0 to 2002 by v1to02-5c.xsl (sy2003-10-15). Smith College Archives Harriet Boyd Hawes Papers, 1888-1967 Finding Aid RG 42 Encoding funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation.

Collection Overview Hawes, Harriet Boyd, 1871-1945. Harriet Boyd Hawes Papers1888-1967 RG 42 11 boxes (5 linear ft.) Smith College Archives

Northampton, MA

Instructor of Greek, archaeologist, nurse, relief worker. Contains writings, correspondence, journals, news clippings, notes, photographs, and publications. English. Biographical Note

Harriet Boyd Hawes was born on October 11, 1871 in Boston, Massachusetts. She was educated at the Prospect Hill School in Greenfield and graduated from Smith College in 1892 with a degree in classics. Hawes always felt a deep love for Greece and a strong desire to understand its culture and history. She studied at the American School at Athens from 1896-97 and the next year became a Fellow there. While in Greece, she learned that the Greeks (who were in the midst of the first Greco-Turkish War) had no nursing supplies and with support from the Queen of Greece soon became a nursing volunteer. Several years later she was decorated by the Queen for her contributions.

Hawes soon became well known not only for her volunteer work but also for her expertise in the field of archaeology. For four months in the spring of 1900, she led an excavation at Kavousi, Crete during which she discovered houses and tombs from the Geometric period (900 BC). During another excavation less than a year later in Gournia, Crete, she discovered a Mycenaean provincial town and later published a book entitled, Crete: the Forerunner of Greece.

Hawes accepted a position at Smith College teaching Greek archaeology in 1900 and received her M.A. from Smith in 1901. She taught at Smith until 1905 interspersing her time there with frequent trips abroad for archaeological excursions. During one trip to Crete, she met Charles Henry Hawes, an English anthropologist and archeologist who later became the associate director of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. They were married on March 3, 1906 and nine months later their son, Alexander Boyd Hawes was born. A daughter, Mary Nesbit Hawes followed in August of 1910. By this time Charles was teaching at Dartmouth and the family was living in Hanover, New Hampshire.

Despite her commitment to her family, Hawes remained active in both humanities and her field of archaeology. In 1910, Hawes received an honorary degree from Smith College. She traveled to Corfu in 1915 for a year to work extensively with the Serbian Army. In 1916, she helped the wounded in France and a year later she founded and was the first director of the Smith College Relief Unit in France. She held this title for three years during which time she worked as a nurse's aide at the YMCA.

In 1920, the Hawes' moved to Cambridge and Harriet joined the faculty at Wellesley lecturing on Ancient Art. When Charles retired in 1936, the couple moved to Washington D.C. where Harriet remained after her husband died. She died on March 31, 1945.

Biographical Note 1871 Born Boston, Massachusetts, October 11 1892-96 Teacher of Classics, schools in North Carolina and Delaware 1892 Graduated from Smith College 1896 Graduate work, American School of Classical Studies, Athens 1897 Nurse and relief worker in Thessaly with Greek Army, Greco-Turkish War 1898-99 Fellow of American School of Classical Studies, Athens 1898 Nurse Spanish-American War in Tampa, Florida - Summer 1899-00 Agnes Hoppin Memorial Fellow, Bryn Mawr College 1900 Excavation at Kavousi, Crete - May-June 1900-06 Part-time Instructor, Smith College in Archaeology, Epigraphy and modern Greek 1901-04 Director of excavations of the American Exploration Society - Gournia, Crete, Assisted by Blanche Emily Wheeler 1892. 1901 M.A. Smith College 1902 First woman invited to address the Societies of the Archaeological Institute of American 1906 Married Charles Henry Hawes 1910 Awarded Doctor of Humane Letters, Smith College 1915-16 Established hospital for wounded and ill on Corfu for Serbian army - World War I 1917-18 Organizer and first Director of Smith College Relief Unit in France - World War I 1918-20 Nurse's aid with YMCA at American Hospital, Longchamps - World War I 1920-36 Lecturer in Ancient Art, Wellesley College 1933 Sued by A.R. Hyde and Son, for damages resulting from her involvement in company strike 1938 Traveled to Czechoslovakia during take-over of Sudetenland, detained by German authorities 1945 Died March 31, Washington, D.C. Scope and Contents of the Collection

The Harriet Boyd Hawes Papers document her work as an archaeologist and as a nurse and relief worker in three wars. They contain a large amount of writings, both published and unpublished, on various subjects relating to her professional work and volunteer activities as well as her political opinions. There is personal, and professional correspondence dating from 1886-1945 and a small amount of material on her career as a college instructor at Smith and Wellesley Colleges.

The material is arranged in five series: Biographical Material, Correspondence, Professional Life, Publications and Activities. Where appropriate, correspondence and publications may have been placed under one of the other headings.

The material relating to Hawes' professional life documents her excavations on Crete (1900-04) and contains correspondence, journals, news clippings, some notes on excavations and photographs of sites, objects and graves. Included are photographs of objects that are housed in the University Museum at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia.

Publications include drafts of published and unpublished books and articles on ancient art and on her field work, plus one short story and scenarios intended for films.

Hawes' work as a nurse and relief worker in the Greco-Turkish War in 1897 is documented in detail. There are drafts of her manuscripts In Defense of Crete (1914) and Greek Cross and Red Cross (1898?) plus news articles, clippings and some photographs. Her World War I activities are documented in various accounts of her experiences as a representative of the American Distributing Service on Corfu where she organized a hospital for the wounded and ill of the Serbian Army (1915-16). There are approximately 30 photographs of the facility, its staff and surroundings. Hawes' work with the Smith College Relief Unit (1917-18) is documented by correspondence and writings on the founding of the Unit, plus a journal, news clippings and photographs.

Organization of the Collection

This collection is organized into five series:

I. Biographical Material II. Correspondence III. Professional Life IV. Publications V. Activities Information on Use Terms of Access and Use

The papers are open for research according to the regulations of the Smith College Archives without any additional restrictions.

Single photocopies may be made for research purposes. Permission to publish material from the documents must be requested from the Smith College Archives. Smith College owns copyright to any published material relating to college events and activities. Provenance and copyright ownership of other materials is unknown and researchers are responsible for determining any question of copyright.

Preferred Citation

Please use the following format when citing materials from this collection:

Harriet Boyd Hawes Papers, Box #, Smith College Archives.

History of the Collection

The papers of Harriet Boyd Hawes were given to Smith College by her daughter, Mrs. Mary Nesbit Allsebrook in 1967. Additional material was received in 1982 from Phyllis Lehmann, a student of Hawes and Professor Emeritus of Art at Smith College.

Search Terms Hawes, Harriet Boyd, 1871-1945. Smith College--Faculty. Archaeologists--United States. Women archaeologists--United States. Additional Information Series I. BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIAL 1 1 Contents of Collection 1 2 Autobiography "Memories and Opinions" 1944 1 3 Notes and drafts 1 4 Award, L.H.D. Smith College 1910 1 5 General and miscellaneous 1 6 Education, Prospect Hill School 1888 1 7 Education, Smith College, 1888-92 1 8 Family miscellaneous 1 9 Family photographs 1 10 Fellowship, American School of Classical Studies, Athens 1898-99 1 11 Correspondence 1896-99 1 12 Photographs 1 13 Fellowship, Archaeological Institute of America 1902 1 14 Journal, religious (1892), Line-A-Day (1896-1900) 1 15 printed material from Hull House 1902-04 1 16 Line-A-Day 1901-05 1 17 Xerox copy 1a 18 1908-1917 1a 19 1918-24 1a 20 1931 2 "Miss Boyd - A Rebel from Boston" unpublished, biography by Mary Nesbit Allsebrook 1967 3 21 Photographs c. 1874-1962 3 22 Poetry 3 23 Religion 3 24 Symposium at Smith College, A Land Called Crete 1967 3 25 Trip to Prague - Account by H.B.H. 1938 3 26 Correspondence, Misc. 1938 Series II. CORRESPONDENCE From: 3 27 Boyd, Alexander (brother) 1890-91 3 28 Boyd, Allen (brother) 1910 3 29 MacKenzie, Duncan 1910 3 30 Olga, Queen of Greece 1912-20 3 31 photographs 3 32 Richter, Gisela 1906 3 33 Ridgeway, William 1909 3 34 Santayana, George 3 35 Tyler, Henry M. President Seelye 1908-14 To: 3 36 Allesbrook, Mary (daughter) 1921-1939 3 37 Allesbrook Mary (daughter) 1940-44 3 38 Averny, Myrtilla 1934 3 39 Boyd, Alex and Ida (cousins) 1905-13 3 40 Roosevelt, Eleanor 1939-41 3 41 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano 1937-45 3 42 Swing, Raymond Gram 1942-43 3 43 Waring, Mary Kimberly 1899-1945 3 44 Photographs 3 45 Miscellaneous 1888, 1892 3 46 Miscellaneous 1916-19 3 47 Miscellaneous 1920-23 3 48 Miscellaneous 1924-30 3 49 Miscellaneous 1931-34 3 50 Miscellaneous 1935-37 3 51 Miscellaneous 1938-39 3 52 Miscellaneous 1940 3 53 Miscellaneous 1941-42 3 54 Miscellaneous 1943-45 3 55 Waring, Mary Kimberly from:Sarah Storer 1892-1894 3 56 Miscellaneous 1894-1905 3 57 Wheeler, Blanche Emily 1900-01 Series III. PROFESSIONAL LIFE 4 58 Lectures: advertisements, correspondence 1901-14 4 59 News clippings 1901-14 Kavousi 4 60 Correspondence May-Jun 1900 4 61 News Clippings 4 62 Notes 4 63 Publications 1901-03 Gournia 4 64 Correspondence 1901-05 4 65 Journal (Mar-Ap) 1901 4 66 Journal (May) 1901 4 67 Journal of trip (Feb-Mar) 1904 4 68 Journal (Ap-Jul) 1904 4 69 Miscellaneous 4 70 Notes 4 71 Crete - Correspondence and Notes 1926 Photographs 4 72 Graves 4 73 Kavousi 4 74 miscellaneous 4 75-76 pottery 4 77 site 4 78 site and landscape 5 79 Speeches 1916-17 5 80 Speech at Alumnae Assembly Jun 18, 1912 5 81 Speeches, Balkan War 1912 5 82 Wellesley College Syllabi Series IV. PUBLICATIONS 6 83 "Amalasuntha" (scenario) 1938-39 6 84 Christianity and Hellanism 1924? 6 85 Crete the Forerunner of Greece with Charles Henry Hawes 1909 6 86 Correspondence 1909-10 6 87 "A Cretan Pompeii" 1901 6 88 "The First International Congress of Archaeology" 1905 Five Riddles of Greek Art 6 89 Chapter 1, outline n.d. 6 90 Chapter 3 n.d. 6 91 Chapter 4 n.d. 6 92 Chapter 5 n.d. 6 93 Illustrations n.d. 6 94 Chapter 6 n.d. 6 95 Illustrations n.d. 6 96 Chapter 7 n.d. 6 97 "The General Election in England" 1910 6 98 "A Gift of Themistocles: The Ludovisi Throne and the Boston Relief" 1921 6 99-100 Gournia manuscript 1905 6 101 Gournia, Vasiliki and other Prehistoric sites on the Isthmus of Hierapetra - manuscript 1908 6 102 Correspondence, news clippings and advertisement 1907-15 6 103 Gournia miscellaneous n.d. 6 104 "Greece and Archaeology" n.d. 6 105 "An Immediate Appeal to America by the People of Greece" 1919 6 106 "Ivanhoe" (scenario) 1924 6 107 "Larger Loyalties" n.d. "Memoirs of a Pioneer Excavator in Crete" 7 108 Part I 1965 7 109 Part II 1965 7 110 "The Minotaur and the Maiden" (scenario) 1927? 7 111 "Prince George and Venizelos in Crete" 1906 7 112 "The Quest of a Buried City" 1913 7 113 "The Smith College Relief Unit" 1917 7 114 "Theseus, Prince of Athens" (scenario) n.d. 7 115 War experiences, outline and draft for article 1906 7 116 "When the Mummy Moves" 1937 7 117 Contest 1907-08 7 118 Correspondence 1935-37 Series V. ACTIVITIES 8 119 Goldsborough Bills 1934-37 8 120 Goldsborough Bills 1938-39 8 121 Hyde Company Strike 1933 8 122 Hyde Company Strike, Correspondence 8 123 Political Opinions War work - Greco-Turkish War 8 124 Correspondence Feb-Mar, 1897 8 125 Correspondence Apr-May, 1897 8 126 Correspondence Jun-Aug, 1897 8 127 Miscellaneous 8 128 Miscellaneous writings 8 129 News articles and clippings 8 130 Photographs 8 131 Greek Cross and Red Cross, Ch. 1 1898? 8 132 Chapter 2 8 133 Chapter 3 8 134 Chapter 4 8 135 Chapter 5 8 136 Chapter 6 8 137 Chapter 7 8 138 Chapter 8 8 139 Chapter 9 8 140 "Nursing with the Greek Army in 1897"

****See also oversize box for In Defense of Crete

9 141 Spanish - American War 1898 9 142 World War I, Corfu - Correspondence 1915- 1916 9 143 Correspondence (Mar-Ap) 1916 9 144 News clippings 1915-1916 9 145 Photographs 1916 9 146 miscellaneous 9 147 Records and documents 9 148 Speeches and writings 9 149 World War I, Smith College Relief Unit - Correspondence May 1917 9 150 Correspondence Jun 1917 9 151 Correspondence Jul-Aug 1917 9 152 Correspondence Sep-Oct 1917 9 153 Correspondence Nov-Dec 1917 9 154 Correspondence 1918 9 155 Correspondence 1919-29, n.d. 9 156 Pub. "The Gates of Grecourt" 1924 9 157 General and miscellaneous 9 158 Journal 1917-18 9 159 News clippings 9 160 Photographs 9 161 World War I, Smith College Relief Unit - Confidential 10 Oversize: War Work - Greco-Turkish War, 1897, includes manuscript In Defense of Crete.