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<eadid publicid="-//us::mu//TEXT us::mu::mums118.xml//EN" countrycode="us" mainagencycode="mu">mums118</eadid>

<filedesc>
<titlestmt>
<titleproper encodinganalog="245$a">Lyman Higgins Account Book, 1851-1886
</titleproper>
<subtitle>Finding Aid</subtitle>
<author encodinganalog="245$c">Finding aid prepared by Linda Seidman.</author>
<sponsor>Encoding funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation.</sponsor>
</titlestmt>
<publicationstmt>
<publisher encodinganalog="260$b">Special Collections and University Archives, W.E.B. Du Bois Library, University of Massachusetts Amherst</publisher>
<date encodinganalog="260$c" normal="2003">2003 </date>
<p>University of Massachusetts Amherst. All rights reserved.</p>
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</filedesc>
<profiledesc>
<creation encodinganalog="500">Finding aid encoded using Perl scripts and edited in XMetal 2.0. Encoded by Eric Cartier.
<date>2003-05-08</date>
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<langusage>Finding aid written in
<language encodinganalog="546" langcode="eng" scriptcode="latn">English.</language>
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<date normal="2005-09-23">2005-09-23</date>
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<frontmatter id="front">
<titlepage>
<publisher>Special Collections and University Archives, W.E.B. Du Bois Library, University of Massachusetts Amherst

</publisher>
<titleproper>Lyman Higgins Account Book, 1851-1886
</titleproper>
<subtitle>Finding Aid</subtitle>
<num>Manuscript Number<lb/>
 118
</num>
<author>Compiled by<lb/>
 Linda Seidman
</author>

<sponsor id="encoding_sponsor">Encoding funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation.</sponsor>
<p>2003  University of Massachusetts Amherst. All rights reserved.</p>
</titlepage>
</frontmatter>

<archdesc relatedencoding="MARC21" level="collection">
<did id="main">
<head>Collection Overview</head>
<origination label="Creator:">
<persname encodinganalog="100" source="lcnaf">Higgins, Lyman</persname>
</origination>
<unittitle label="Title:" encodinganalog="245$a">Lyman Higgins Account Book</unittitle>
<unitdate encodinganalog="245$f" type="inclusive" normal="1851/1886">1851-1886</unitdate>
<unitid label="Collection Number:" encodinganalog="099" repositorycode="mu" countrycode="us">MS 118</unitid>
<physdesc label="Quantity:">
<extent encodinganalog="300$a">1 volume</extent>
</physdesc>
<repository label="Location:">
<corpname>Special Collections and University Archives, W.E.B. Du Bois Library, University of Massachusetts Amherst</corpname>
</repository>
<abstract label="Abstract:" encodinganalog="520$a">Primarily a basket maker from South Worthington, Massachusetts, but also a mechanic, farmer, blacksmith, sawmill proprietor, and manufacturer. Account book includes the jobs he performed, the ways in which he was paid (goods and services as well as in cash), employees and their wages, and the local companies to which he sold his custom-made basket products.
</abstract>
<langmaterial label="Language of Material:">
<language langcode="eng">English.</language>
</langmaterial>
</did>

<bioghist>
<p>Lyman Higgins of South Worthington, Massachusetts appears in the Federal Census and in town histories as having a variety of callings: mechanic, farmer, blacksmith, sawmill proprietor, basket maker, and manufacturer.  His account book 1851-1886, shows him to have been all of these, becoming eventually chiefly a basket maker who supplied textile mills and paper companies in locations as far away as New York City with large batches of assorted baskets tailored to their needs.</p>

<p>When first listed in the federal census in 1850, Higgins was a 27 year old mechanic, yet his accounts show that he also repaired washing machines, wagon wheels, and bog hooks.  He sharpened drills and file saws, and fixed hoops, sleds, and chairs.  He also sold provender, made ironware, and did the sawing and basketmaking on which he later focused.  He took goods and services as well as cash in payment.  He was paid, for example, in onions, squash, and potatoes; glue, sandpaper, and stove pipe; work on a dam and a horse to go to Huntington.</p>

<p>By 1880, Higgins had invested $1000 in his basket business and employed six hands at peak times, although only one was a male above 16.  Whether this means he employed women or younger apprentices is unclear.  He paid only $1.00 a day for skilled labor and $0.50 a day to the average worker.  In all, he paid $50 in wages for the year, although a workday was 10 hours.</p>

<p>He sold steam baskets in oak with extra finish to the Harris Woollen Mill; the Sugar River Paper Co. bought copper finished bushel baskets; Stark Mills ordered doffer, filling, waste, and twister baskets; Lawrence Duck Co. wanted doffin baskets with square corners.</p>

<p>At the same time, Higgins was running a sawmill where he did custom work making batches of handles (usually pack, saw, or pointer), shingles, planks, or sled runners, among other things.  He cut butternut, bass, cherry, hemlock, beech, poplar, and other woods.  Higgins has another $700 invested in the two-saw sawmill, which employed three people during the 2 months a year that it was in production full-time.</p>

<p>During the years depicted in this account book, Worthington had numerous small manufacturers and mills as well as many farms.  Nearly everyone who lived in the town worked there as well, since fast transportation was not available to other towns until later, although the only post office between Northampton and Pittsfield was there for many years and the town was an important one on the Boston to Albany Turnpike.  Efforts to bring a railroad to Worthington failed; raw and finished goods had to be hauled by team to Williamsburg or Huntington.</p>

<p>Higgins and his wife Mary had four children Theron, Jane, Alice, and Hiram.  Mary died in her 40s and Lyman married Elizabeth.  By 1870 his real estate was valued at $3000 and his personal estate at $450.  That year, Theron was working in the basket shop and living with his wife Lottie's parents-Willis Burke, a farm laborer.  Hiram became a basket maker, too, and married Fidelia, living for a while next to Lyman.</p>
</bioghist>

<scopecontent id="scope">
<head>Scope and Contents of the Collection</head>
<p>The Higgins Account Book contains business and personal accounts of Lyman Higgins, documenting the evolution of his work in manufacturing baskets, primarily for the textile industry.  Beginning in 1851, the accounts provide a perspective on the young Higgins' efforts to establish himself as a mechanic, and after 1880, they reveal his growing prosperity and increasing success in basketry, as well as his investments in a sawmill and real estate. </p>
</scopecontent>



<accessrestrict encodinganalog="540" id="admin-use">
<p>The collection is open for research.</p>
</accessrestrict>

<prefercite id="admin-cite">
<head>Preferred Citation</head>
<p><emph render="italic">Cite as</emph>: Lyman Higgins Account Book (MS 118). Special Collections and University Archives, W.E.B. Du Bois Library, University of Massachusetts Amherst. </p>
</prefercite>

<acqinfo id="admin-acqinfo">
<p>Acquired from dealer.</p>
</acqinfo>


<processinfo><p>Processed by Linda Seidman.</p></processinfo>


<controlaccess id="subj">
<head>Search Terms</head>

<persname encodinganalog="600" source="lcnaf">Higgins, Lyman.</persname>
<persname encodinganalog="600" source="lcnaf">Higgins, Lyman--Finance, Personal.</persname>
<corpname encodinganalog="610" source="lcsh">Harris Woollen Mill--History--Sources.</corpname>
<corpname encodinganalog="610" source="lcsh">Sugar River Paper Co.--History--Sources.</corpname>
<corpname encodinganalog="610" source="lcsh">Stark Mills--History--Sources.</corpname>
<corpname encodinganalog="610" source="lcsh">Lawrence Duck Co.--History--Sources.</corpname>
<subject encodinganalog="650" source="lcsh">Basket industry--Massachusetts--South Worthington--History--19th century--Sources.</subject>
<subject encodinganalog="650" source="lcsh">Basket making--Massachusetts--South Worthington--History--19th century--Sources.</subject>
<subject encodinganalog="650" source="lcsh">Sawmills--Massachusetts--History--19th century--Sources.</subject>
<subject encodinganalog="650" source="lcsh">Wages--Basket industry--Massachusetts--History--19th century--Sources.</subject>
<subject encodinganalog="650" source="lcsh">Wages-in-kind--Massachusetts--South Worthington--History--19th century--Sources.</subject>
<subject encodinganalog="650" source="lcsh">Textile industry--Equipment and supplies--History--19th century--Sources.</subject>
<subject encodinganalog="650" source="lcsh">Paper industry--Equipment and supplies--History--19th century--Sources.</subject>
<geogname encodinganalog="651" source="lcsh">South Worthington (Mass.)--Economic conditions--19th century--Sources.</geogname>
<genreform encodinganalog="655" source="aat">Account books.</genreform>
</controlaccess>
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